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A Source Book of Ideas and Images for
City Officials, Planners, Architects
and Community Leaders

By

Suzanne H. Crowhurst Lennard
Henry L. Lennard

272 pages; 180 illustrations

ISBN 0-935824-06-5 (paper)
Lib. Of Congress Catalogue Card #94-075057

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Table of Contents:

Introduction

Function of the City
Public Life
Wisdom of Cities
Livable Cities Observed

PART I – THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

1. Maintaining the City’s Identity

Urban Identity ** Architectural Structure and Fabric ** Maintaining the Character of the City’s Architecture ** The Structure of a Healthy City ** Side Effects of Incentive Development ** Development “Implant”: Montpellier, France ** Failure to Maintain Identity: Ulm, Germany ** The Shop/House: Building Block of a Healthy City ** The Wisdom of the City ** Who Can Save the City’s Identity?

2. Public Space Design

Social Principles ** Design Principles ** Traffic Free ** Location and Size ** Threshold and Enclosure ** Architectural Frame ** Complexity, Backdrop ** Paving, Steps ** Walls, Railings ** Nature, Planters ** Focal Points, Fountains ** Bollards ** Seating, Building Ledges

3. Art for the Public

To Identify a Building ** Historic Locations ** Traditional Crafts, Trades and Occupations ** Local Individuals ** Traditional Festivals ** Legends, Folk Tales and Poems ** Social Comment ** The Child and Public Art ** Public Art and the Disabled ** Local Traditions, Regional Identity ** Celebrating Community ** Cultural Heritage ** City Identity & History ** Guidelines for Art in Public Places ** Criteria for Evaluating Proposals for Public Art ** The Essence of Public Art

4. Balanced Transportation Planning

Pedestrian Shopping Street ** Pedestrian Networks ** Vehicle Access ** Traffic Free City Centers ** The “Carpet” of the City ** Economic Benefits of Pedestrian Zones ** The “Woonerf” or “Living Street” ** Traffic “Taming” Mechanisms ** Balanced Transportation ** Visitor Transportation ** Bicycles ** Walking

PART II – THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

5. The Public Realm & the Good City

History ** Significance ** People Watching ** Meeting in Public ** Significant Conversation ** Models of Social Life ** Multiple Perspectives ** Visibility ** Level of Involvement ** Enhanced Awareness ** Decline & Revival of Public Spaces

6. The Good City for Children

Ignoring Children ** The City as Playground ** The Public Realm as Teacher ** Meaning in the Urban Environment ** Functions of Public Places for Children ** The Good City for Children

7. Values for the Good City

Recovering the Good City ** Values ** Ethics of Decision Making

PART III – ENLIVENING THE CITY

8. Community Festivals

Community Functions ** Streets Paved with Flowers: Cannara, Italy ** Palio, Siena ** Carnival ** Basel Fasnacht ** Carnival, Venice

9. Street Entertainment

Cultural Diversity ** Variety of Performers ** Triangulation ** Benefiting Business ** Performers & the Handicapped ** Clowns Reappear ** Regulations ** Enhancing Public Social Life

10. Farmers’ Markets

The Market as a Social Context ** Role of Vendors ** Ideal Market Configurations ** Weekly Market ** Market Technology & Displays ** Frame Structures & Waggons ** Lighting & Water ** Social Rhythm of Daily Farmers’ Market ** Special Markets & Christmas Markets ** Brief Case Studies: Freiburg im Breisgau, Bern. Munich, Verona, Rouen, Salzburg, Tübingen, San Luis Obispo, California. ** Salient Features

11. Outdoor Cafes and Restaurants

Cafes ** Location ** Protection from the Elements ** Nighttime Dining ** Comfort

12. Mix of Building Uses

The Residential Population ** Shops & Businesses ** Workplaces

PART IV – CITIES OF VISION

13. Antwerp, Belgium

Architectural Heritage ** Rebuilding the Urban Fabric ** Restoration ** Harmony Rules ** Repopulating the City Center ** Pedestrian Zone ** Urban Spaces & Restoration ** Outdoor Cafes & Restaurants ** The City & the River

14. Erlangen, Germany

Traffic & Transportation ** Pedestrian Networks ** Limiting Traffic ** Bicycles ** Public Transportation ** Green in the City ** Parking Areas ** Inner Courts & Open Areas ** Industrial Conversion ** Community Awareness & Participation ** Green in Erlangen ‘82 ** Green in Erlangen ‘87

15. Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

Appropriate Architecture ** Development of Pedestrian Zone ** Transportation Planning ** Farmers’ Market ** Festivals & Street Entertainers ** Design of a New Urban Neighborhood: “Rieselfeld”

16. Ravensburg, Germany

The Heart of the City ** Underground Parking ** Streetscaping, Traffic Quietening ** Renovation ** Community Participation ** Produce Market ** Regional Train Service

17. Venice, Italy

Ideal Urban Spaces ** Special Qualities of Social Life ** Campo Santa Margherita ** Campo San Barnaba ** Campo San Bartolommeo & Campo San Luca ** Campo San Fantin

PART V – FAILURE & RENEWAL OF THE MODERN CITY

18. Failure of the Modern City

Architectural Ideology ** The City as an Economic Machine ** Mass Housing for the Poor ** Beauty Does Matter ** Conceptions of People ** The Abandonment of the Public Realm

19. Rebuilding Community

Rebuilding Community ** The “Inclusive Community” ** Creating Public Urban Places ** Increasing Accessibility ** Reintegrating a Mix of Uses ** Developing Citizen Participation

20. Principles for the Livable City

Restoring the Heart of the City: Ten Principles ** Mass Housing: Nine Principles ** Reshaping Suburbia: Ten Principles ** New Urban Neighborhoods: Eleven Principles

Acknowledgements
Footnotes
Bibliography
Index of Cities
Index of Names
Biographical Notes